Essays --

Identity is defined as ones personal characteristics or attri plainlyes and their rank of a neighborly category. In todays society it is important to note how social media impacts upon our individual identities. To begin with, we technically are not born(p) with identity it is a socially constructed attribute. Identity is a transient thing, which changes over time as we grow and mature. The self-concept, which is our own personal understanding of who we are, combines with self sense to cultivate a cognitive representation of the self, called identity (Aronson, Wilson, & Akert, 2010, p.118). In other words, who we are is controlled by internal and external factors that combine to make us who we become. work on new media outlets into the equation, much(prenominal) as the internet, and media is now regarded as an extension of everyday life and a tool of cultural change (Singh, 2010). Thus, identity formation, as a social concept, is macrocosm transformed in new and even more gl obal ways.When we talk about social media and identity, what comes to mind? We all know they withdraw a elegant complicated relationship, but how exactly is social media related to identity? In exploring the connections between social media and identity, we rush realised there has been a gradual but obvious transition within the social media- identity relation. Within this essay I am going to take a looking for at how the gene linkage between social media and identity has evolved over the course of my studies. Whether consciously aware of what is being displayed or not, media plays a substantial role in influencing consumption patterns and lifestyle. Researchers noted televisions power to influence even peck who are illiterate. Smith-Speck and Roy (2008) explained that even individua... ... by creating alternative personas her different facebook profiles serving as a reflection of the life she wished she could have had media was a way out.The television series of this show Ca tfish shows us that there are many individuals out there deal Angela, who create tout ensemble fabricated identities, for many different reasons. Whether it is malicious or a release for the person It is an escape from reality in most cases. This alerts us to the dangers of social media, and makes us wary of meeting new people online, as all may not be what it seems. In a way, this creates a suspicious environment in the world of social media. If we dont know the individuals we befriend on social media sites personally, how are we to know if they are real people or put on characters produced out of the mind of someone else. In this way, a sense of identity is destroyed. Essays -- Identity is defined as ones personal characteristics or attributes and their membership of a social category. In todays society it is important to note how social media impacts upon our individual identities. To begin with, we technically are not born with identity it is a socially constr ucted attribute. Identity is a transient thing, which changes over time as we grow and mature. The self-concept, which is our own personal understanding of who we are, combines with self awareness to cultivate a cognitive representation of the self, called identity (Aronson, Wilson, & Akert, 2010, p.118). In other words, who we are is controlled by internal and external factors that combine to make us who we become. Bring new media outlets into the equation, such as the internet, and media is now regarded as an extension of everyday life and a tool of cultural change (Singh, 2010). Thus, identity formation, as a social concept, is being transformed in new and even more global ways.When we talk about social media and identity, what comes to mind? We all know they have a pretty complicated relationship, but how exactly is social media related to identity? In exploring the connections between social media and identity, we have realised there has been a gradual but obvious transition within the social media- identity relation. Within this essay I am going to take a look at how the linkage between social media and identity has evolved over the course of my studies. Whether consciously aware of what is being displayed or not, media plays a substantial role in influencing consumption patterns and lifestyle. Researchers noted televisions power to influence even people who are illiterate. Smith-Speck and Roy (2008) explained that even individua... ... by creating alternative personas her different facebook profiles serving as a manifestation of the life she wished she could have had media was a way out.The television series of this show Catfish shows us that there are many individuals out there like Angela, who create completely fabricated identities, for many different reasons. Whether it is malicious or a release for the person It is an escape from reality in most cases. This alerts us to the dangers of social media, and makes us wary of meeting new people online , as all may not be what it seems. In a way, this creates a suspicious environment in the world of social media. If we dont know the individuals we befriend on social media sites personally, how are we to know if they are real people or fictional characters produced out of the mind of someone else. In this way, a sense of identity is destroyed.

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn :: essays research papers

Society And The River The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn&type A9In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain develops criticism of society by contrasting Huck and Jims life on the river to their dealings with people on land. Twain uses the adventures of Huck and Jim to expose the hypocrisy, racism, and injustices of society.&9Through let on the book hypocrisy of society is brought out by Hucks dealings with people. Miss Watson, the first character, is displayed as a hypocrite by Huck "Pretty soon I wanted to smoke, and asked the widow to let me. But she wouldnt. And she took snuff too of course that was all right, because she done it herself" (Twain 8). Huck did not understand why she does not want him to smoke, "That is just the way with slightly people. They get down on a thing when they dont know nothing about it" (Twain 8). &9When Huck encounters the Grangerfords and Shepardsons he describes Colonel Grangerford as, " a gentleman, you see. He was a gentleman all over and so was his family"(Twain 86). On Sunday when Huck goes to church he sees the hypocriticalism of the families, "The men took their guns along, The Shepardsons done the same. I t was pretty crotchety preaching-all about brotherly love, and such-like" (Twain 90). &9Huck with his anti-society attitude, you would presume that he would have no problem in helping Jim. Yet he fights at heart himself about turning over Jim to the authorities, by this action within Huck shows that he must have feelings that slavery is correct so that the racial fanaticism of the time may be seen. This decision for Huck is monumental even though he makes it on the spot. He has in a way intractable to turn his back on everything that "home" stands for, this allows us to leave our thought of bigotry behind and begin to see Jim for what he really is a man.&9Hucks attitude for Jim is racist which is seen when he decides to play a trick on Jim during their voyage . After Huck plays his trick his attitude toward Jim begins to change, "It was xv minutes before I could work myself up to go and humble myself to a nigger but I done it, and I warnt ever blue for it afterward, neither" (Twain 72). The dialogue throughout the book between Huck and Jim illustrates that Jim is more than property and that he is a human being with feelings, and hopes for a better future.

Artificial Intelligence :: Technology Robots Essays

Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence is a key component to the vision for human-centric computing. at bottom the wide arena of artificial intelligence, quick-witted systems could become useful for completing specific complex tasks. AI will remain valu adapted regardless of whether were able to build fully- functioning robots or human-esque brains. AI, the harnessing of intelligence on the computer, will turn complex musical theme processes into fast computer simulations it will be used to discerp past events and predict the future. The ability of these systems to explain the reasoning process through back-traces and to handle levels of confidence and uncertainty provides an additional feature that conventional programming cant handle. (PC AI) The possibilities are endless.VisionThe vision of expert systems is straight forward to replace complex human thought processes and tasks with computer programs using Artificial Intelligence. For example, create a downslope broke r program to analyze stock prospects. Or create a program to make a decision on whether or not to utilise somebody. The fun doesnt stop there many complex tasks can be done by computers using Expert Systems. This is done by emulating human logical system on a machine. For example, an expert system for die polishing was developed Several studies on the decision making for polishing sequence and conditions using an expert system in the polishing process have been reported. (Ahn) Also, Tricks from neural networks and expert systems are used in a smart-vision engine called AIMS-an automatic inspection and attention system for finished printed-circuit boards, specifically printed-wiring assembly and high-density interconnect. (Johnson) In the overall vision of human-centric computing, this means that people will one day be able to go to their computers, and not only have the interface of the machine built around them, but the machine will be able to be an expert in any number of areas allowing them to perform complex analysis on data or perhap s aid them in the creation of any number of things. verifiableAs the speed of computers increases, and the complexity of AI routines increases, the computer industry should be able to create software applications that replace many of the complex human thought processes. The computer industry should be able to economically create systems to do such tasks as analyze data, create data to meet your needs, and more. This should increase the productiveness of the Worlds work force by greatly. This is the ultimate in human-centric computing applications with this technology, our most complex work will be done easily on the computer.

Teacher’s Paychecks Should Reflect their Importance Essay -- Argumenta

Teachers Paychecks Should Reflect their Importance The public education system in the United States is a very important institution for our nations youth. In most states, children are required by law to attend public school, unless they are home-schooled, until the succession of sixteen. At the age of sixteen, students are entitled, though certainly not encouraged, to leave the public school system if they wish. Public school teachers are asked to account for and educate all of these students, and teachers are professionals who are constantly in demand. In fact, the demand is so great that in several cities semi-qualified professionals who lack the proper credentials are being asked to teach. angiotensin converting enzyme possible explanation for this phenomenon is the poor salaries which teachers are being paid. Both national and state governments ought to consider a pay increase for public school teachers in order to ensure the best education possible for the youth of the Unite d States.Physicians and attorneys both work in careers that financially reward professionals for their many years of meditate at colleges and universities. Anyone who has been involved in any sort of litigation can attest to the outrageous fees charged by attorneys, and hospitals are also institutions that charge handsomely for their services. It is true that physicians and attorneys are asked to spend many years studying in school, but teachers are paid very poorly in comparison to these professions. Subsequently, teachers are also asked to study for four and often at least five years at colleges and universities. Public school teachers are also asked to take exams in order to certify them in their professions. These exams are similar to bar exams and medical boards. What is eve... ...in level of education. Furthermore, there are several professions that require less education than instruct but supply a more generous salary and benefits package. At the same time, teachers are of ten asked to pay for re-certification costs out of their own change pockets because their employment packages do not offer the funds for this constant training. Teachers have four months without students, and this time is often viewed as vacation time by the ecumenical public however, public school teachers have stringent schedules that often require them to surrender their summers.Public school teachers are important professionals in our communities, and it is time for their paychecks to glow their importance. Politicians on both the state and national levels ought to consider designing more appropriate salary and benefit packages for their public school teachers.

Locke, Hobbes, Mill, Thoreau :: Politics Philosophy Sociology

John stilleJohn Locke explains the state of nature as a state of equality in which no one has power over another, and all are free to do as they please. He notes, however, that this liberty does not equal license to abuse others, and that indwelling natural law exists even in the state of nature. Each unmarried in the state of nature has the power to execute natural laws, which are universal.I suppose that Locke is correct in his analysis of the state of nature however Lockes theory includes many assumptions. First is the assumption of a system of morality, the natural law derives from a theory of justice, a set of rights. No one would have any rights at all in the absence of a moral legislation applicable to human actions, nor would there be any standard of just punishment. Locke frequently uses the term rights and appeals to conscience and calm reason, all of which reflect his assumptions nearly justice and morality.For individual property to exist, there must be a means for individuals to appropriate the things around them. Locke starts out with the idea of the property of person to each one person gives his or her own body, and all the labor that they perform with the body. When an individual adds their own labor, their own property, to a foreign object or good, that object becomes their own because they have added their labor. This appropriation of goods does not demand the consent of humankind in general, each person has license to appropriate things in this way by individual initiative.Locke then places a bound on this type of acquisition, a person may only acquire as many things in this way as he or she can reasonably use to their advantage. One can only take so much as one can use. Lock applies these rules to land a person in a state of nature can claim land by adding labor to it, building house on it or farming on it, but only so much as that person can reasonably use without waste. Locke then defines labor as the determining factor of value, the tool by which humans make their world a more advantageous and rewarding place to inhabit.Locke states that in order for a civil society to be established, the individuals must forfeit some of their rights that they have in the state of nature. This needs to be done so everyone can go bad together in peace.

Why Parenting Is More Important That School

According to Annie Murphy Paul and the studies done by the University Of California-Irvine, North Carolina State University, and Brigham University, parental involvement in their childrens academic life such as checking homework, attending school meetings and events, discussing school activities at home has a more powerful influence on students academic performance than anything about the school the students attend.Research also reveals something else the parents, of all backgrounds, dont need to buy pricey didacticsal toys or digital devices for their kids in order to give them an edge. Engaging in this reciprocal back-and- forth gives children a chance to try out language for themselves, and also gives them a genius that their thoughts and smell matter. All parents need to do is talk. My position on this issue presented by Annie Murphy Paul is one of agreement. I concur that talking to your children and engaging in their academic life can have a positive effect in their school performance.All the research that were mentioned in Pauls article reinforce and supported the claim that students perform better or are more affaireed in their school work if their parents are involved and show interest in their school activities. As the article mentioned, background and digital devices are not a guarantee for good grades neither are paying for an expensive private school or tutoring. What it comes down to is interaction, talking. I believe this to be true. When a child sees their parents involvement in their academia they feel a sense of importance.In my line of work I come across children and parents who come from a variety of backgrounds. Sometimes I see children and the amount of involvement that their parents play in their academic growth show through the amount of information that the child is able to retain. The multiracial children that Ive come across who have difficulty breeding and writing have this problem because of their parents inability to speak E nglish properly (Hispanic decent) or because of the limited amount of involvement in their childs education progression.As a child growing up my parents involvement with my academics were very limited. They didnt give me the impression that exerting great achievement in my school work was inevitable so I didnt feel the need to go to college immediately after high school. Looking back now that Im an braggart(a) I wish they had. I feel that if they pushed me harder or talked to me and encouraged me to pursue a college career after high school it wouldve saved me a in all lot of stress as an adult, now that Im trying to pursue my college degree. As a parent now, I throw myself into my childrens academics and fond life.I try to get involved as much as possible to show them that education is important. I compulsion them to pursue college and to be successful. I sock that my involvement is an encouragement to them and theyve told me countless times how grateful they are for my suppo rt. My daughter is always telling me how important my presence is at her school functions and my son result remember when I miss a soccer game. I believe that just the knowledge that children have of a support group, namely their parents, in their respite gives them a sense of purpose.They dont want to disappoint their parents so they feel this pressure to please. After a while that sense of accomplishment becomes internalized to where they self- trigger themselves and want to do their best, want to get good grades, want to succeed and excel. I feel like its my job as a parent to motivate my children to be better than who they are, better than what/who I am, and to work for the things that they want. In conclusion, I believe that the studies conducted by scholars and gathered by Annie Murphy Paul are true.Ive seen this first off hand and I am a product of poor parental involvement. I can see how my involvement in my childrens lives brings positive reinforcement to their academic progression. Personally, I believe that teacher involvement does play a role in a students progression but not as great an impact as the parent does on the child. The family is the central learning center for every individual and if a child sees how important their education is to their parent(s) they in turn want it for themselves to progress.

Having A Required GPA For Extra Curricular Activities Essay

I am going to get through college on a football science How many time have you heard that statement claimed by the comely teenage boy? In all actuality getting a full ride football comprehension to a university is extremely difficult. Instead people trying to obtain scholarships through extra curricular sport activities should focus much on their academics. Some students atomic number 18 only doing extra curricular activities so that their college application will look improve to administrators. However, a 4.0 grade point average is going to fare more impressive to the administrators then below average grades and a large quantity of extra curricular activities. By requiring a C grade point average we could stop a dope of the stereotyping occurring in to the highest degree high schools. Also, great amounts of responsibility will be earned for people juggling both the C grade average and extra curricular activities. This additional experience and responsibility will help the p erson succeed to a greater level in their adult life.If you are a cheerleader, then you must be idiotic. If you get above 90% in almost any class, then you must be a nerd. Stereotyping is a horrible thing occurring all over the nation today. The worst case of this is in high school. What is the cause for these stereotypes? The activities you partake in and how tumesce you are doing outside of these activities. Students with good grades that are in many clubs are more of thought as the nerds and goody-goods of the school population. The students on the football, basketball, cheerleading, and almost any another(prenominal) sport related team are thought of as idiotic. If students were required to have a certain grade point average to be on those teams they wouldnt be thought of as nerdy or idiotic. The school wide population, while not completely stereotype free, would have calmed down with a lot of that stereotyping. We would be bridging the gap between the athletic and the academi c.The more responsible you are the better you are going to be at succeeding at your want profession. People that know how to cope with both academic and athletic fields will progress more then people that do not. If the person who is feel to hire a new employee sees that you can manage both of these fields they will think you are more responsible and choose you over a lot of the other applicants. Responsibility varies into many different forms, butit usually matters most in your profession.Education is important in every aspect of life. more than any amount of athleticism you will need an education to survive in everyday life. Many people think they can get into a nationally ranked university if they have a lot of extracurricular activities. Although these look good on an application, maintained above average grades will look better. regular(a) if you do not have perfect grades, a C average and some extra curricular activities will give you more chance of organism accepted into the University of your Choice.Although you could argue that many students pride on their ability to do these extra curricular activities and their talent could most likely get them a scholarship it is not always so. For example, you could be working on a football scholarship, but, only an average of seventeen football scholarships are given out from a school per year. Being talented at a certain sport will usually not put you through college. Someone who has the talents and a better maintained grade point average will have an even better chance at getting that scholarship.In summation, it is my belief that a C grade point average should be required to participate in extracurricular activities. It will greatly reduce the amount of stereotyping happening in most high schools. More responsibility will be earned, therefore making your succession in a profession easier. Also, the more education you have, the easier it is going to be for acceptance into most universities. The better your application looks the better your profession will be.

Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Essay

The purpose of the breast feeding theories is to provide an interrelating framework focusing on the breast feeding practice. The defined nursing theories promote demote patient care, improve the status of nursing profession, and improve the conversation between the nurses, and provide guidance to the researches and education (Keefe, 2011). Not all nursing theories have the comparable meanings however, they play the important role of explaining the key concepts and principles of nursing practice in understanding way. Dorothy Orems Self-Care Deficit Theory and Sister Callista Roys Adaptation modelling are considered as grand nursing theories.The grand nursing theories are a conceptual model, which identifies the focal point of nursing inquiry and guide the victimisation of mid-range theories that will become useful to nurses and also to other health professionals. According to Walker and Avant (2011), these theories contributed in conceptually sorting the nursing from the practic e of medicine by demonstrating the presence of distinct nursing perspectives. In this essay, Orems wellness Care Deficit Theory and Sister Callista Roys Adaptation Model are compared and study for their importance in nursing. Orems Self-Care Deficit TheoryOrems Self-Care Deficit Theory is one of three grand theories written by Dorothea E. Orem. According to Orem, nursing becomes necessary when an individual can no longer care for him or herself. treat provides care through acting, guiding, supporting, teaching, and milieual manipulation promoting personal development. Orem developed this possibleness from her experience and personal connection with the Vincentian-Louisiana nursing tradition of the Daughters of Charity (Libster, 2008.)Roys Adaptation ModelRoys Adaptation Model provides the framework for nurses by aftermath the adaptability of patients to internal and external stimuli in their purlieus (Alligood & Tomey, 2006.) Reponses to these stimuli can be either adaptive, w hich promote the goals of human survival, growth, reproduction and mastery, or non-adaptive (Roys Adaptation, 2011.)MetaparadigmThe metaparadigm for nursing is the concepts that define the nursing practice. Since 1970s, person, nursing, health, and environment are considered as the core concepts of nursing theories by many nursing theorists.PersonAccording to Orem, a person is made of a physical, psychological, and social disposition with variable degrees of self-care ability (Dorothea Orems Self, 2011.) Roy views a person as an adaptive system that responds to internal and external stimuli in their environments (Alligood & Tomey, 2006.)NursingOrem and Roy have the different strength toward the concept of nursing. Orem sees nursing as an intervention to meet the daily needs for self-care and medical-care patients need (Dorothea Orems Self, 2011.) Roy believes nursing as a key player to foster patients to develop coping mechanism and positive outcome from the constant stimuli expo sure. Roys goal is for the patient to achieve adaptation leading to optimum health, well- being, quality of life, remainder with dignity, and finding in life by participating in their own care (Roy & Andrews, 1999.)HealthOrem defines health as physical, mental and social well being (Dorothea Orems Self, 2011.) Roy views health as a method use by patients to obtain their utmost possible health regardless of the presence or absence seizure of disease.EnvironmentOrem and Roy both state the individual exists in an environment. Orem sees the environment in two dimensions, the physical, chemical, biologic features and socioeconomic features, which influence the self-care requirements of the individual (Dorothea Orems Self, 2011.) According to Roy, the environment consists of stimuli including conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding an individual, whether focal, contextual, or residual.In PracticeOrems Self-Care Deficit Theory and Roys Adaptation Model can be applied to grou ps or individuals, and used at any nursing settings. However, Orems Self-Care Deficit Theory is more recommended for the acute-care setting, where a patient receives active but short-term treatment for a frightful injury or episode of illness. Orem focuses on finding the self-care deficit of the patient and providing the necessary care to promote his or her well-being. Whereas, Roy is concerned with the different stimuli that forces adaptation in order to achieve optimal health. Roys Adaptation Model views the person as an adaptive system which includes the four adaptive modes. These adaptive modes are physiological-physical mode, self-concept-group identity mode, role function mode, and interdependence mode. Although first two modes can be identified immediately, the assessment of role function mode and interdependence mode is eon consuming. Therefore, Roys Adaptation Model is not suitable for acute-care setting.ConclusionHaving defined nursing theories promotes better patient c are, improve the status of nursing profession, and improve the communication between the nurses. In addition to guiding the nurses to provide the best care to the patients, nursing theories are used to promote and guide baccalaureate programs, administration and nursing research. Many organizations now exist to support the advancement of nursing profession. Sigma Theta Tau International, the Honor Society of Nursing, is created to support the learning, knowledge and professional development of nurses committed to making a difference in health worldwide (STTI Organizational, 2011.) International Orem Society promote the advancement of nursing science and provide scholarship in the area of Orems Theory of Self-Care Deficit Nursing to lead to further advancement of knowledge for the discipline of nursing (International Orem, 2011.) The Roy Adaptation Association (RAA) is a society of nursing scholars who want to advance nursing practice by developing basic and clinical nursing knowledg e based on the Roy Adaptation Model (Roy Adaptation, 2011.) These organizations on with progression of the nursing theories will promote the advancement of nursing science and enhance the nursing profession.ReferencesAlligood, M., & Tomey, A. (2006). Nursing Theory Utilization & Application (3rd ed.). St. Louis, MO Mosby. Dorothea Orems Self-Care Theory. (2011, October 14). Retrieved November 6, 2011, from Nursing Theories Web sitehttp//currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/self_care_deficit_theory.html International Orem Society for Nursing Science and Scholarship. (2011). Retrieved November 6, 2011, from http//www.orem-society.com/ Keefe, S. (2011). About Nursing Theory. Retrieved October 22, 2011, from eHow.com Web site http//www.ehow.com/about_5471364_nursing-theory.html Libster, M. (2008). Perspectives on the History of Self-Care. Self-Care and Dependent-care Nursing the prescribed Journal of the International Orem Society, 16(2), 8. Roy Adaptation Association. (2011, October 27) . Retrieved November 6, 2011, from http//www.bc.edu/content/bc/schools/son/faculty/featured/theorist/Roy_Adaptation_Association.html Roy, C., & Andrews, H. (1999). The Roy Adaptation Model (2nd ed.). Stanford, CT Appleton and Lange. Roys Adaptation Model. (2011, April 22). Retrieved November 5, 2011, from Nursing Theories Web site http//currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Roy_adaptation_model.html STTI Organizational Fact Sheet Mission and Vision. (2011). Retrieved November 5, 2011, from http//www.nursingsociety.org/aboutus/mission/Pages/factsheet.aspx Walker, L. O., & Avant, K. C. (2011). Strategies For Theory Construction in Nursing (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Health Science.

Enviromental Effects of Air Pollution and the Urban Area

Air pollution has been and is a growing environmental problem that is closely related to the growth of urban settlements. temporary hookup the cities and towns of the world grow larger they emit more and more toxic emissions are put out into the distribute. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the issues that surround pains pollution such as the long experimental condition impacts of air pollution, the brief edge impacts of air pollution, the long line outlook of air pollution, the short term outlook of air pollution and the potential solutions to the air pollution problem.Air pollution is an environmental problem that affects each and every one of us to several(prenominal) degree and it is important to understand why air pollution happens and how we chamberpot take steps to control it. Air pollution has a direct confederacy with urban environments all over the world. With an increase in industrialized countries ,the of use of cars, factories and also the use of fuels s uch as fossil fuels that emit babys room gasses, like carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, into the air, in that location has been a definite rise in air pollution over the world (Mayer, 1999).There are many short term cause that air pollution causes to the urban areas and to the people who are living in those areas. The first short term effect of air pollution is that it can cause health issues for the inhabitants of the area. Air pollution can cause the inhabitants to get itchy throats and irritated eyes. It also has been linked to causes bronchitis and pneumonia (Silverman, et al, 2007). Short term air pollution exposer can also cause an increase the rate of allergy infections and asthma diagnosis to the people who live in the area.The short term effects on environment range from smog clouds can cause the health issues, like the ones previously mentioned (Silverman, et al, 2007). There are also long term effects of air pollutions that are very serious to the environment and th e people who live in high polluted areas. Long term air pollution exposer can have devastating effects on the health of the people who live in the area. Some of the health jeopardizes that have been linked to long term exposer exist of chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and damage to the brain, kidneys or liver (Mayer, 1999).Children who are living in a highly polluted area risk developing theses diseases at a higher rate the normal children who do not have long term exposed to air pollution. Long term air pollution also has devastating effects on the environment. One of the more serious effects is that air pollution is slowly deteriorating the Ozone layer. The Ozone layer is strand in the stratosphere and it plays an important role in protecting the earth from the suns ultraviolent rays.Due to the increase in greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, the Ozone has developed holes and this allows bad ultraviolet B-radiation to reach the earth. The increase of B-radiation is harmful to humans, forms and animals, and it is a known cause of Melanoma. The increase of B-radiation is always extremely harmful to plants. It causes a decrease in plant growth, height and damage to the leaves of plants (Tong, 2011). There are some potential ways to precipitate, but not fully solve, the air pollution problem that is effect well-nigh urban areas.One of the ways that the countries around the world have decided to reduce air pollution was in 1997 at a United Nations meeting in Kyoto, Japan. During the conference countries signed a treaty, the Kyoto Protocol promising to combat global warming by reducing the emission s of harmful greenhouse gasses that a produced my industrial factories. Unfortunately, claiming that that the treaty was not in the best interest for their county, the United States did not sign the treaty (Murray, 2001).Another potential way to reduce air pollution is through technology advancement. Using th e new technologies to replace fossil fuels, such as coal burning and oil use, would substantial write down the gas emissions that cause air pollution and eventually cause the ozone layer to deplete. The short term outlook of air pollution on urban union is somewhat hopeful. many another(prenominal) cities and countries have begun or are beginning to take action in reducing the amount of pollution that is released into the air by the industries, cars and citizens.Many cities have started using different sources of energy, like solar power, in place of the fossil fuel energy sources that are the main contributors to air pollution. The long term outlook of air pollution is that, with many countries pledging to reduce the pollution over the coming years, the levels of air pollution get out be lower in the future. Unfortunately, there is much debate over how greenhouse gases affect the ozone layer and global warming. Until this debate is over and people can agree, not enough action w ill be taken to help reduce the air pollution in the urban setting.

Rhetoric in Writing and Audience

Rhetoric is the study of effective speaking and writing. It is the stratagem of persuasion and umteen other things. Over its long explanation there see been many different definitions of palaver, which stretches back to the Ancient Greeks and Romans in discussion sectionicular. In its long and vigorous history rhetoric has enjoyed many definitions, accommodated differing purposes, and varied widely in what it implicated.And yet, for most of its history it has maintained its fundamental char processer as a discipline for training students 1) to perceive how linguistic communication is at work orally and in writing, and 2) to become beneficial in applying the resources of language in their own speaking and writing. To disclose how language and thought worked together, however, it has first been necessary to artificially divide content and form what is verbalize and how we say it. How we say things is precisely the way in which we ensure that our desired meaning has been tran smitted to others, so there can be no qualifying on of ideas without also taking into account lexis.Beca routine rhetoric examines so attentively the how of language, the methods and means of communication, it has sometimes been discounted as something only concerned with bolt or appearances, and not with the quality or content of communication. For many (such as Plato) rhetoric deals with the superficial at best, the deceptive at worst (mere rhetoric), when unrivaled power better att destroy to matters of substance, truth, or reason as attempted in dialectic or philosophy or religion. Rhetoric studies the effectiveness of language comprehensively, including its stirred repair, as much as its propositional content.Why Rhetoric is Important? The importance of rhetoric provides significant changes in the aras of learning and the development of a persons and institutions. The study of rhetoric, intimately continuous over 2500 years, has always been central to the objectives of a liberal arts curriculum. Extending that study to film, television, protests, politics, indicates, philosophy and all forms of discourse has advanced such study into the twenty-first century. Here be the following reasons why the study of rhetoric is essentially important.It gives scientific writing a focus on argument in scientific debate Numerous studies have called attention to the importance of rhetoric in scientific writing by focusing on arguments presented in scientific debate articles. rhetorical analysis and textual analysis stress the importance of studying scientific writing to provide better instruction of students learning the genres of academic writing. For example, Swales describes the difficulties of savant researchers or students with English as a second language in learning the literary conventions of American journals.Gusfield is one of the early writers to argue that scientific methods courses should include the study of literary techniques as well as statisti cal procedures. Davis subscribes to a similar view in that he leases only to be formally describing a model that he believes many social scientists intuitively or inadvertently follow. Davis argues that a conscious aw arness of the importance of defining and then denying audience assumptions would profit the Interesting Quotient (I. Q. ) of their discipline relative to the Interesting Quotient of other disciplines. It enables to better find out the processes of communication.Rhetoric is a subject of importance because its study enables us to better understand the processes of communication that underpin decision making in free societies. Judgments on matters of reality policy take their cues from rhetoric, and so an understanding of any societys rhetoric will tell us a lot about its ideas, beliefs, law of natures, customs and assumptions especially how and why such social features came into being. We dont typically think of it this way, but every law that is on our record books began as an act of rhetorical undertaking by some public or private citizen trying to fix a problem.Statutes and policies are the ends rhetoric is the means. If law is the architecture of public life, rhetoric is the art that brings it into being. We dont typically think of it this way, but every law that is on our record books began as an act of rhetorical undertaking by some public or private citizen trying to fix a problem. Statutes and policies are the ends rhetoric is the means. If law is the architecture of public life, rhetoric is the art that brings it into being. It serves as a means for public deliberation about public issuesThose who identify rhetoric primarily with ornament, passion, specious argument and deceit, and rase those who defend rhetoric as a desirable alternative or supplement to legal reasoning, fail to do justice to the signal importance of rhetoric in the ancient world as a means for public deliberation about public issues under conditions of uncertainty. Despite Platos famous criticisms of rhetoric as mere flattery, the ancient world well understood that rhetoric had a substantive as well as a stylistic dimension thusly the common association of rhetoric with the merely stylistic aspects of deliberation is entirely misleading.It provides as a precursor for the semiotic study of communication Under the charm of Structuralism, rhetoric has been seen as a precursor for the semiotic study of communication, as in the work of Genette and the Rhetorique generale by a group of scholars headed by J. Dubois. More in keeping with the pragmatic nature of ancient rhetoric, Chaim Perelman and L. Olbrechts-Tyteca attempt in their La Nouvelle Rhetorique (1958) to formulate a modern rhetoric of persuasive argumentation. At the other end of the spectrum, writers associated with Post-Structuralism stress the playful, subversive side of the subject.And finally, the 1980s saw the revived use of explicitly rhetorical models in composition classes in se condary schools to combat an plain decline in pupils communication skills. How to Apply Rhetoric in Writing? In order for a writer to know how to apply rhetoric to his writing, he must first know and understand the fundamental forms of persuasive solicitations, encompassing forms and rhetoric devices. Persuasive Appeals According to Aristotle, rhetoric is the efficiency, in each particular case, to see the available means of persuasion. He described three main forms of rhetoric Logos, or the appeal to reason Pathos, or the appeal to emotion and Ethos, or the appeal to character. Logos, pathos, and ethos are completely different, yet, they all correlate. In order to be a more effective writer, you must understand these three terms. Logos meant more in ancient Greek than logic or reasoning, it meant thought plus action. It appeals to patterns, conventions, and modes of reasoning that the audience finds convincing and persuasive. Ideally, a writer should be able to yield someone ba sed solely upon reason.Although the ability to reason and to think are abstractly devil of humanitys defining characteristics, we are often command by our passionseven if they lead to our ruin. Pathos is appeal to emotion. a writer needs to turn over the things that the listeners value, need, hope for, fear, and so on once the writer understands the things they upkeep about, he or she can show how what the removeers is asked to do is in accord with values they already hold. Ethos is your persona or image as a writeryour ethical character.If a writer communicates good will, good character, and good notion, the reader will be far more handlely to trust him or her. entrust is at the heart of effective communication, and without careful attention to ethos, the effectiveness of the other two modes of persuasion logos and pathos is also diminished. Encompassing Terms nigh a writer should learn apply the three-ways, of rhetoric in the larger sense. Which can be distinguished bet ween Kairos, or the occasions to write, which include considerations like the contexts for piece of writing, while audience, or who will read it, looks at where a discourse may take place.Decorum, or fitting words and subject together, lastly, deals with making appropriate use of rhetoric, depending on both kairos and audience. Kairos is an ancient Greek word meaning the right or opportune moment. You should take time to consider what possible considerations for a piece of writings. Isocrates writes that educated people are those who manage well the circumstances which they encounter day by day, and who possess a judgment which is accurate in meeting occasions as they arise and rarely misses the expedient course of action.As a writer you should develop the ability to adapt to and take advantage of changing, contingent circumstances of your environment. Audience, all rhetorically oriented discourse is composed in light of those who will hear or read that discourse. Or, in other words , rhetorical analysis always takes into account how an audience shapes the composition of a text or responds to it. As writer you should subscribe to an appropriate subject to the prospective readers. Make sure that your reader is appropriate to your purpose, because when its not your ideas will just be set aside.Decorum, lastly, refers the appropriateness of style to subject. It involves a range of social, linguistic, aesthetic, and ethical proprieties for both the creators and critics of writing. Each of these must be sleepd against each other strategically in order to be successful in understanding or creating discourse. A writer should learn the degree appropriateness or suitability on the use of his words and language in his writing, to enable the interest of the readers to his own discourse.Rhetorical Devices. Good writing depends upon more than making a collection of statements worthy of belief, because writing is intended to be read by others, with minds different from yo ur own. A writer should know how is to get through his readersor even to be read and considered at allit must be interesting, clear, persuasive, and memorable, so that he will pay attention to, understand, believe, and remember the ideas it communicates. To apply rhetoric in writing you must know, learn, and understand rhetorical devices in how they have be employed, as well as learning how to use them ourselves.The following are common rhetorical devices used in writing. Apophasis Apophasis asserts or accentuates something by pointedly seeming to pass over, ignore, or deny it. This device has both legitimate and illegitimate uses. Legitimately, a writer uses it to call attention to sensitive or rabble-rousing facts or statements while he remains apparently detached from them. compositors case 1) Luckily we need not discuss my opponents marital infidelities when evaluating his claim to hold the moral high ground. ) I would call you a liar and a cheat if you werent my best friend. Aporia Aporia expresses doubt about an idea or conclusion. Its several uses are the suggesting of alternatives without making a commitment to either or any. Such a statement of uncertainty can tie off a piece of discussion you do not have time to pursue, or it could begin an examination of the issue, and lead you into a conclusion resolving your doubt1) I have not been able to come to a decision about the new policy, since there seem to be good arguments both for and against it. ) I am not sure whether to side with those who say that higher taxes reduce inflation or with those who say that higher taxes increase inflation. Asyndetons and Polysyndetons Asyndeton is consists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. In a list of items, asyndeton gives the effect of unpremeditated multiplicity, of an extemporaneous rather than a labored account On his return he received medals, honors, treasures, titles, fame. Polysyndeton, the opposite of asyndetons, is the use of a conjunction between each word, phrase, or clause, and is thus structurally the opposite of asyndeton.The rhetorical effect of polysyndeton, however, often shares with that of asyndeton a feeling of multiplicity, energetic enumeration, and building up. Example They read and studied and wrote and drilled. I laughed and played and talked and flunked. Enthymemes Enthymemes is a figure of reasoning in which one or more statements of a syllogism (a three-pronged deductive argument) is/are left out of the configuration an abbreviated syllogism or truncated deductive argument in which one or more premises, or, the conclusion is/are omitted. Ex 1) Since she scattered the case, she must have been guilty. ) There are only two options available to us and we have seen that the first failed. Expletives Expletive it is a figure of emphasis in which a single word or short phrase, usually interrupting normal speech, is used to lend emphasis to the words on either side of the expletive. natural e xamples include in fact, of course, to be sure, indeed, I suppose, I hope, you know, you see, clearly, in any event, in effect, certainly, remarkably. Metanoia Metanoia qualifies a statement by recalling it (or part of it) and expressing it in a better, milder, or stronger way.A negative is often used to do the recalling. Example 1) Your proposal will affect everyone is this area, or even the entire region. 2) You fail to realize the impact of these measures or at least you have not considered the consequences in enough depth. Parallelism and Chiasmus Parallelism is recurrent syntactical similarity. Several parts of a condemn or several sentences are expressed similarly to show that the ideas in the parts or sentences are equal in importance. Parallelism also adds balance and rhythm and, most importantly, clarity to the sentence.Example Quickly and happily he walked around the corner to buy the book. Chiasmus might be called reverse parallelism, since the second part of a grammati cal construction is balanced or paralleled by the first part, only in reverse order. Example He labors without complaining and without bragging rests. Questions Hypophora, Rhetorical and Procatalepsis Hypophora is one or more questions is/are asked and then answered, often at length, by one and the same speaker raising and responding to ones own question(s).Example 1) What are the consequences of such an approach to history? There are several, of which the most important is 2) What then shall we say that Abraham, our forefather, discovered in this matter?. . . What does the Scripture say? Abraham believed God. Rom. 41, 3 (NIV) Rhetorical Question is a question which ask, not for the purpose of further discussion, but to assert or deny an answer implicitly a question whose answer is obvious or implied. Example What kind of person would bet against the sun rising tomorrow, though?Procatalepsis is when questions are asked and answered by the writer or speaker, usually by anticipating o bjections It is typically suggested that this team will lack the strength in midfield to cope with the opposition, but this neglects the experience gained in the recent tour against Analogies, Metaphors and Similes proportion is a kind of extended parable or long simile in which an explicit comparison is made between two things (events, ideas, people, etc) for the purpose of furthering a line of reasoning or drawing an inference a form of reasoning employing comparative or parallel cases.Example You may abuse a tragedy, though you cannot write one. You may scold a carpenter who has made you a bad table, though you cannot fox a table. It is not your trade to make tables. Metaphor is figure of explication occurring when a comparison made by speaking of one thing in terms of another an implied comparison between two different things which share at least one attribute in common an association between two unlike things (A vs. B) achieved by borrowing the language that refers to thing A and applying it to thing B.Example Then Jesus declared, I am the bread of life. John 635 And compare the use of metaphor in 632-63 Simile is a comparison between two different things that resemble each other in at least one way. In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation, comparing an unfamiliar thing to some familiar thing (an object, event, process, etc. ) know to the reader. Example After such long exposure to the direct sun, the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked bacon. Hyperbole, miosis and UnderstatementHyperbole is ,the counterpart of understatement, deliberate exaggeration of a person, thing, quality, event to emphasize a point external to the object of exaggeration intentional exaggeration for rhetorical effect. Example There were millions of people at the bus stop today. Litotes is an understatement formed by the denial of an opposite. This sounds confusing but is actually quite straightforward and a common rhetorical devic e. For example Performances like that from the All Blacks are not uncommon.Understatement deliberately expresses an idea as less important than it actually is, either for ironic emphasis or for politeness and tact. When the writers audience can be expected to know the true nature of a fact which might be rather difficult to describe adequately in a instruct space, the writer may choose to understate the fact as a means of employing the readers own powers of description. For example 1) I think there may be some additional factors that you may not have accounted for. 2) Your analysis is far too simplistic. AmplificationAmplification involves repeating a word or font while adding more detail to it, in order to emphasize what might otherwise be passed over. In other words, amplification allows you to call attention to, emphasize, and flesh out a word or idea to make sure the reader realizes its importance or centrality in the discussion. For example This orchard, this lovely, shady o rchard, is the main reason I bought this property. In conclusion lots of practice and experimentation are necessary to develop your rhetorical ability. A best way to experiment is writing in a journal or notebook.Consistency in doing such experiment will develop a natural ability and theory or art in rhetorical aspect. Remember that rhetorical devices are aids to writing and not ends of writing. Further, if used carelessly or excessively or too frequently, to the highest degree any one of these devices will probably seem affected, dull, awkward, or mechanical. But with a little care and skill, developed by practice, anyone can master them, and their use will add not just beauty and emphasis and effectiveness to your writing, but a kind of freedom of thought and expression you never imagined possible.

Aramco Supply Chain Managment

Table of Contents Page Number Introduction3 Background of the confederation8 The Dilemma in Saudi-Arabian-Arabian Aramco tot up Chain attention10 Analysis of the operation of the Comp eachs Supply Chain direction12 Conclusion16 References17 Introduction Several gild managers argon continuously searching for the scoop out possible way of reducing cost and utilizing their inventories so that the company keep lend aceself cost reduction strategy.With all told prices of prime commodities atomic number 18 accelerating for increases to master(prenominal)tain the business, the scrap for manufacturing companies nowadays is to come up with a concern strategy that could lessen the burden of imposing additional prices to the consumers purchases. Yet seemingly, it seems impossible to achieve overdue to the domino effect in the market offering. Starting from the raw materials to the manufacturing innovationt then to the manufacturing plant to its dispersal centers and from t he distribution centers to the consumers, the process entails expenditures either from the supplier or from the manufacturing plant.Once dribbleing raw materials is affected by the movement in the prices of gasoline and anele, salary increases of its work force and additional price for the vehicles supererogatory parts suppliers can non but face the reality that they must charge additional cost to their buyers. So goes the trend. The usual thinking about a depict drawstring is a vertical flow of the roomy(a) materials for output that is fully integrated be take a leak it is possess by a single firm although its channels are operating(a) sovereignly.Hence, an efficient coordination among the managers of its channels is demanded for the success of the return twine. However, a append range of mountains assume not only be limited to a single will power of the entire process. By its definition, according to the paper of B. B. Arntzen, G. G. Brown, T. P. Harrison, and L. T rafton (1993) a provision ambit is a network of facilities and distribution alternatives that begins from the procurement of materials, converting the materials into mid-way and finished products, then the distribution of the products to customers.Supply chain is not limited to manufacturing alone but also in the service industry. thither whitethorn also be expected difficulties along the entire chain due to the varying approaches from industry to industry or from firm to firm but the process proceeds as planned. Company A Company B DistributorCustomers Raw Materials manufacturing plant Finished Product Company This may sound simple but a realistic supply chain rattling embraces several finished products with shared components, facilities, and capacities.Materials flow does not come only from one single network but from another(prenominal) networks also. At times, different modes of acid are considered and usually the bills of materials for the finished products are both costly and enormous. R. H. Ballou, (1992) believes that traditional supply chain still operate along this pattern but on this case the supply chain deviates from the old practice of supply chain and paved the way to another model of creating an effective cost reduction strategy. In the supply chain, according to M. C. Cooper and L. M.Ellram (1993) the main focus lies on the mistake of materials, unnecessary in imprintation and unpredictable finances as they move from their supplier, to the respective maker then to the wholesaler passed on the retailer before finally reaching the consumer. However, another view was presented by J. B. Houlihan (1985) because his notion of supply chain is involved in coordinating and integrating these flows for inside the company and its relation with other companies. The ultimate goal of all effective supply chain watchfulness is to reduce stock-taking but available when necessitate hence, minimize the cost of production.The product flow consists of the progress of goods from supplier to customer. Information flow is the transmittal of orders and keeping posted the stead of the delivery. The financial flow covers the credit stipulations, payment schedules, and consignment title of ownership arrangement. As Cohen, et al. (1989) noted supply chain also consists of strategic finiss and functional finding levels. Strategic decisions usually entail longer time to observe its effect on the company. It requires close monitoring of the corporate strategy, but oftentimes, in many companies, it is already the firms business strategy.Setting aside, operational level decisions are shorter period and concentrates mainly on the day to day basis of inventory, production, and packaging. The main objective on this level is maintaining an effective and efficient product flow from the strategically planned supply chain. Houlihan (1985) reiterates that supply chain management operates according to four study decision surface areas namely busi ness location, production input and output, materials inventory, and distribution including transportation and channels.It should be noted that on these decision areas the elements of strategic planning and operational procedures are inclusive. It is because strategic decisions include what products to produce, and which plants to produce them in, allocation of suppliers to plants, plants to distribution Channels, and Distribution Channels to customer markets Business location refers to the place where production facilities, warehouse, and source point are easily accessible both by the suppliers and other stakeholders of the company.Location facilities cover an assurance of resources for a longer period due to the long term plan of the business. Considered also for an effective supply chain location are the size, bit, and the possible paths by which the product flows done to the customers. This decision is important because it represents the main strategy for accessing customer m arkets which definitely take a crap effect on revenue, cost, and level of service. It is determined by employing a routine check on production costs, taxes, duties and duty drawback, tariff, local content, distribution costs, production limitation and many others.Production decision is also a critical concern in supply chain management because it entails the capacity of the manufacturing facilities to shroud the production process. It is focused on detailed production scheduling. It includes the construction of the master production plan, time table on the machines, and maintenance of equipments. The elements of workload balancing and tincture check out that are being measured on this facility are seriously considered. Materials inventory are managed properly in the supply chain management levels of decision.Inventories could either be raw materials, semi-finished or already finished merchandize. These materials may also be in the process between locations or in other place as i n the case of outsourcing activity. The purpose of managing the inventories is to safeguard against any uncertainties that might exists in the supply chain. Holding inventories can cost as much as one half of the products cherish. Too much inventories of raw materials means slow return of investment and large inventories of finished products can cause lower prices due to overflowing supplies. The aspect of transportation viewed according to the context of H.L. Lee and C. Billington (1992) is also another element in the supply chain management issues because it is closely associated with the inventory due to its mode of moving the raw materials or the finished products. The best mode of trading off the cost is to transport with the indirect cost of inventory associated with the type of transportation. While using air is fast, reliable, and warrant lesser safety stock, it is very expensive. Shipping by sea or by train may be cheaper but they take longer time and consumed large amoun t of inventories to buffer against the uncertainties associated with it.Hence, shipment sizes, routing, and scheduling of equipments are the main factors operating in the Supply Chain charge. Another point was raised by J. M. Masters, (1993) as he discussed on the process of supply chain management and the level of decisions that have to be made on these models are enormous and require considerable amount of data. delinquent to the huge data requirement and the broad scope of decisions, each supply chain decision models provide approximate solutions. The operational decisions, meanwhile, address the day to day operation of the supply chain. thitherfore the models that bring out them are often very specific in nature.Due to their narrow perspective, these models often consider great detail and provide very good, if not optimal, solutions to the operational decisions. As a solution for successful supply chain management, Saudi Aramco employed a sophisticated software systems, with W eb interfaces and has already been in rival with the Web-based Service Application Providers or the SAP, that provide part or all of the SCM service for the company. Saudi Aramco must have been blest to be able to implement supply chain management on its production process and updated it with the use of modern day Information Technology.In spite of the global financial chore that cover producing countries are suffering at present, Saudi Aramco still stands tall amidst financial chaos. Supply chain management is at its best at Saudi Aramco that is why there is less worry even if the prices of inunct and crude went down in the global landscape. At Saudi Aramco, the corporate policies guide the supply chain to a particular and specific objective that the firm hopes to achieve (http//www. saudiaramco. com. sa/ hypertext mark-up language/). 11. Background of the Company State-owned Saudi Arabian Oil Co. (Saudi Aramco) is the king of oil.It is the worlds number one oil producer, suppl ying more than 10% of the worlds oil demand. The company controls proved oil reserves of about 259. 8 billion barrels. It extracts 9. 1 cardinal barrels a day, operates refineries, markets oil outside(a)ly, and distributes it domestically. Saudi Aramco owns a fleet of oil tankers and invests in refineries and distribution networks in other countries it also owns 239. 5 trillion cu. ft. of indispensable gas reserves. The company dates back to 1933, when Saudi Arabia agreed to open up a large area for exploration by Standard Oil of calcium now known as Chevron.From its headquarters in Dhahran on the eastern shores of the Arabian Peninsula, Saudi Aramco manages virtually all of Saudi Arabias enormous hydrocarbon enterprise. From the giant Ghawar and Safaniya oil fields, the worlds largest onshore and offshore fields, to the jumper cable-edge technology at the Exploration and Petroleum Engineering Center, and from one of the largest and most modern fleets of supertankers to refinin g and marketing joint ventures round the globe, Saudi Aramco is positioned to pertain to play its leading role in meeting the worlds demand for oil.Saudi Aramco revenue is estimated between 150 billion and 350 billion dollars. It varies greatly course to year due to blue dependency upon hydrocarbon prices. Saudi Aramco is responsible for 99 percent of the Kingdoms proven crude oil reserves of 259 billion barrels (41. 2 1010m? ) about a quarter of the worlds total. That is more than double the total of Iraq, the country with the worlds second largest reserves, and neighboringly 12 times the reserves of the United States. Saudi Aramco produces and exportations more crude oil than any other company.Recent production has averaged around 8 one billion million million barrels (1,300,000 m? ) per day. That is more than twice the output of the close highest producer and nearly five times greater than the largest U. S. oil company. Saudi Aramco maintains a maximum sustained crude pr oduction capacity of 8. 5 million barrels per day. Saudi Aramco ranks among the top ten companies in gas production worldwide. The company is also a leader in both the production and export of natural gas liquids (NGL), and a study producer of refined products.The company produces natural gas in association with crude oil and non associated gas from deep, independent gas fields. This gas is used as fuel and feedstock for the Kingdoms backbone industries and utilities, and for export and domestic consumption as NGL. A vigorous program is currently nether way to expand gas production and processing capabilities to meet increasing demand for gas at home to power the Kingdoms robust domestic sparing growth. Saudi Aramcos oil operations encompass the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, including territorial waters in the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea.Totaling more than 1. 5 million square kilometers, this area is larger than the combined areas of Texas, California, Oklahoma and Utah, or of France, Spain and Germany. Most production comes from fields in the coastal plains of the Eastern Province in an area extending 300 kilometers north and south of Dhahran. Saudi Aramco VP announced Aramcos plans to build projects worth about 487. 5 billion Saudi Riyals (US $130 billion) in the next 5 years. Due to the unprecedented global demand for oil, Aramco announced that the number of its oil rigs will double by the end of 2006 (http//www. saudiaramco. om) Governed with its vision and holistic mission, the company is try to make perfect its management concept and practices in order to build solid human resource foundation and company culture that would serve its hawkish against other banking institutions in the entire Kingdom within the next couple of years (http//www. saudiaramco. com. sa/html/). 111. The Dilemma in Saudi Aramco Supply Chain Management Saudi Aramco is the world leader in the oil industry and it possesses the huge deposit of oil and mineral resources. It built strong and reliable ties with its market all over the world while continuously harnessing its rogressive communication with its entire supplier from manpower, facilities, equipments, construction, development projects, and comm social unity services. At present Saudi Aramco remains stable and assured of the relentless lathers of its entire people in making the company a world leader in the oil industry and a good event to follow. The entire materials and needed machineries for the oil drilling, processing, plant treatment, transportation and distribution of petroleum are provided by the supply chain from all private industrial suppliers around the Kingdom belonging to the Saudi nationals.No imported materials are used aside from those that are not available in the kingdom. The ongoing calls for localization of Aramcos production materials are contained in the companys oath to support local industries and private industrial businesses in the Kingdom. One particular project that the com pany listed on an indefinite postponement is the envisioned 40 hectares plant facilities and accommodations at Rastanura. In the middle of 2008, Saudi Aramco invited bidders and quotations from several constructing firm around the Kingdom and to some well known companies the Gulf.Toward the end of year, the project was awarded to Foster Wheeler Group of Companies Middle East. The said project was divided into four phases and phase one would start-offing by March 2009. However, Foster Wheeler received a notice from the company on mid February 2009 stating that the Rastanura project would be postponed indefinitely. Foster Wheeler through its resources found out that the main reason for the postponement is the company supplier and sub contractors were heavily affected by the global financial crisis (Thajudeen, 2009).Saudi Aramco suppliers of equipments and high quality standard materials could not meet the requirements needed by the company for the construction of its project. The co st of delivering the materials to Saudi Arabia from the place of origin almost tripled. The high price of raw materials plus low supply prompted Aramco suppliers to increase its prices too but since everything was stipulated in the contract, Saudi Aramco would not accept the new price schedule. The problem begins. Due to the companys adherence to the Saudization program an option to change suppliers and seek foreign assistance cannot be implemented.France and Great Britain are rich suppliers of equipments needed to continue the construction of drilling plants and community accommodations of its people. The prospect of getting from these countries will destroy the supply chain which Aramco have been protecting and preserving all those years. Japans Sumimoto manufacturings offered Saudi Aramco well defined and structured supply chain that could even generate a healthy foreign relation between the judicature of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the people of Japan.The offer was shelved temporarily and for further consideration and study. While the present economic crisis continuously spreading in some major industries in the Kingdom, Saudi Aramco remains financially firm and liquid. There is no question whether the company can provide the necessary funds for the completion of the project. There is also no doubt in the capacity of Foster Wheeler to deliver the project on time. It is only a matter of the availability of supplies that Saudi Aramco encountered some critical problems. 1V.Analysis of the operation of the Companys Supply Chain Management For the past several years, Saudi Aramco perfectly managed its supply chain and it can be proven by the smooth development and completion of all existing projects the company have ever made. The fact is that starting 2008 up to the present the global financial crunch created havocs and collapsed of several industries in the world. Included in this chaotic situation are some suppliers of Saudi Aramco. The law of supply a nd demands in Economics is pretty much at work at this time.There seems to be a blank solution to this perennial problem at present. If this is the case, the postponement of Saudi Aramco project in Rastanura would be justified. On the second thought, there could be another better solution that could be worked on without jeopardizing the effort exerted by Foster Wheeler to win the project. An excerpt from the speech of Abdallah S. Jumah, President and CEO of Saudi Aramco (2002), he said The greatest share of our investments as oil and gas producers goes to assuring that we maintain the ability to supply our products without interruption.While such costs are burdensome, they nevertheless are critical to the sustainability of energy supply. No one can long afford to be without this lifeline. This was also reiterated in the speech delivered by Ali I. Al-Naimi (2002), Saudi Arabias Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, in Washington D. C. as he claimed we have invested billions o f dollars to build production capacity and to construct diverse export routes.The importance of the excess production capacity of Saudi Arabia has been demonstrated in more than one supply crisis in the past two decades such as the Iranian Revolution of 1978-1979, the Iran-Iraq war in 1980, the invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and the supply infrastructure crisis of 2000. Granted that the chain of supply has a domino effect and a disruption in one unit of the chain may result to the interruption of operation of the entire system, Saudi Aramco with its huge resources could help solve the problem in terms of loan assistance to the ailing unit of the chain.Saudi Aramco management could serve as mediator between suppliers of materials to the members of its supply chain to retain its old price schedule which would be compensated by Saudi Aramco in terms of supply of oil with no extra charges and at its lowest price. The problem is rooted in the availability of funds and not on mismanagement of the supply chain. The remedy to this kind of situation is by capital assistance. Another possible option to maintain the flow of the supply chain is by acquisition of the units in the chain that is experiencing a hard blow from the economic crisis.Aramco could temporarily take over the financing of its production so that the unit may continue to operate and the employee would not lose their jobs. Unemployment would create additional burden to the ongoing financial crisis. Saudi Aramco has the capacity to generate production of its supply chain unless it is willing to suspend indefinitely its project with Foster Wheeler. The movement of Saudi Aramco supply is vital to its operation in distribution and expansion in order to accommodate the growing demand for oil in the world.Saudi Aramco is also part of another supply chain and the disruption on its supply would create stoppage of production to it end user. In the same manner, the stoppage of supply from the company supply chain migh t also result to a decease or worst, stoppage of the company production in the long run. For as long there is still the chance to save the continuous pass up of financially able company in the supply chain of Saudi Aramco, it is the best opportunity for Aramco to show its goodwill to all its allies and to the world in general.The management team of Saudi Aramco is determined to continue to play its role in meeting the worlds demand for oil exploration & producing, refining, distribution, shipping, marketing as the leading producer of the energy that powers the worlds economies and empowers its people, committed to fulfill the kingdom development goals including developing the Kingdoms industrial base and diversifying economy, helping creates jobs for Saudi nationals and maximizing the value of the Kingdoms natural resources. Much more so, the Company cannot afford to create possible problems in its supply chain.Saudi Aramco is a government owned company and it does not depend on an y political pressures or compromises from any person in the country except to the King due to the monarchial form of government that Saudi Arabia has. The company structure of Aramco is bureaucratic and hierarchical that is why there is absence of threat coming from the labor sector or any human rights advocates in the international scene. Saudi Arabia law is based on Shari a law and its legal implications. In this case, the Company has the power to take control temporarily of its suppliers who are experiencing financial downturn.At Saudi Aramco, there is no other power aside from the monarch and the top management level of the company. Stakeholders are not a major threat nor can they pose any threat at all. Aramcos investment is more of partnership with other gigantic oil producing countries and not on the individual share of investments. What can be considered to have power over the company is the presence of foreign partners as distributors and international oil producing compan ies that accepted Aramcos partnership strategy in producing enough supply of worlds fuel and oil needs.Saudi Aramco also uses Management Information and Decision Support System that delivers study to support many of its day-to-day managements decision-making needs and supply chain operation processes. Reports, display, and responses produced by such systems provide wide range of information that the Aramco management has specified in advance to meet adequately their information needs. Such predefined information satisfies the need for awareness and updated situation of the organization in relation to its supply chain performance, financial situation and production apabilities (http//www. saudiaramco. com. sa). Saudi Aramco MIDSS provides the needed information to the Aramcos decision makers at the operational and tactical level of the organization. Based on the data generated from the program Saudi Aramco management can determine how and when to entertain an increase of oil product ion, price, cost of operation, wages and purchasing ability of the company. The information takes the form of periodic, exception, and demand reports and immediate responses to inquiry.Saudi Aramcos web browsers, application programs, and data-base-management-software provide access to information in the intranet and other operational database of the organization. These databases are maintained by transaction processing system. The data about the business environment are gathered from the net income or intranet when necessary and when greatly demanded. (http//www. aramco. com) Based on this technological competencies, the company is able to secure all the necessary information its suppliers might be needed at the moment so as to continue their production.V. Conclusion The plight of Saudi Aramco supply chain management definitely lies on the hand of the company. We have learned from Saudi Aramco that the companys supply chain has been operating perfectly without interruption. The co mpany was able to manage its suppliers time scheduling, processing, manufacturing, delivering, and stocking. There were minor problems along the way especially in transporting the supplies needed by the company but the problem was resolved immediately before it can cause damage to the companys oil production.By becoming the world leader in the oil industry the companys long term plan must not sacrificed due to financial difficulties of its suppliers. Small problem that is left unattended became big and too difficult to solve in the near future. The same occurrence is happening to the supply chain process of the Saudi Aramco high quality materials and equipments for its development and expansionary project at Rastanura. The delay in the start of the project would lead to the extension of its completion, late performance, and finally slow production which would be advantageous to competitors. Supply chain management assures the end ompany an uninterrupted production and a continuous f low of resources from the suppliers supplier to the manufacturer to the consumer then back to the suppliers supplier. The cycle goes on and on for as long as the chain remains consistent and stable. Saudi Aramco with vast resources and technological capabilities can easily detect any disruptive factor along its supply chain. presently is the time for Saudi Aramco to divert momentarily a portion of its focus to the financial status of its suppliers. V1. References Al-Naimi, A. I. (2002) Saudi Arabias Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Washington, D. C. April 22. http//www. saudiaramco. com/html/speeches (access June 5, 2009) Al-Naimi, A. I. (2002) Saudi Arabias Approach to Oil Market Stability and Energy Security, Expanding Energy Frontiers The Institute of Energy Economics of Japan, Osaka, Japan http//www. saudiaramco. com/html/speeches (access June 5, 2009) Arntzen, B. C. , G. G. Brown, T. P. Harrison, and L. Trafton (1995) Global Supply Chain Management at Digital Equi pment Corporation, Interfaces, Journal of Operation Management, No. 231, p. 112 Ballou, R. H. (1992) Business Logistics Management, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, p. 1 23 Cohen, M. A. and H. L. Lee (1989) Resource Deployment Analysis of Global Manufacturing and Distribution Networks, Journal of Manufacturing and Operations Management, No. 7, pp. 81-84 Cooper, M. C. , and L. M. Ellram (1993) Characteristics of Supply Chain Management and the Implications for Purchasing and Logistics Strategy. The International Journal of Logistics Management, No. 23 pp. 4, 2, 13-24. Jumah, A. S. (2002) President and CEO Saudi Aramco, Calgary, Canada, June 11. http//www. saudiaramco. com/html/speeches (access June 5, 2009) Lee, H. L. , and C.Billington (1992) Supply Chain Management Pitfalls and Opportunities, Sloan Management Review, No. 33, Spring, pp. 65-73. Lee, H. L. , and C. Billington (1993) Material Management in Decentralized Supply Chains, Operations Research, No. 41 pp. 35-47 Masters, J. M. (1993) Determination of Near-Optimal caudex Levels for Multi-Echelon Distribution Inventories, Journal of Business Logistics, No. 14, pp. 165-195. Thajudeen, S. M. (2009) Foster Wheeler Group of Companies Middle East Region, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia, February 15. http//www. saudiaramco. com. sa/homepage/projects (access June 5, 2009)

‘Modern democracy’ develop in America Essay

The English colonies on the eastern coast of American can be divided into three groups, the North, the Middle Colonies and the South. They all postulate very different attitudes but they all came here to America to escape from the oppression back in Europe and to develop a new, elective country. To establish democracy, they all have to face the same enemy, the British.Modern democracy involves the right to vote, check and balance, and an elected representative. The principal(prenominal) reasons for develop ment of modern democracy in America were piety, wealth, political freedom, pragmatism and secularism.Religion and political freedom are strongly related to each another(prenominal) because Christianity provided an essential moral foundation for liberal democratic establishment. The Pilgrims who reached New England in 1620 escaped from religious persecution by the English church and government and the corruptions of Holland. Soon they unyielding to set up their own government base on Christian ideas, particular the idea of equality. It was one of the early steps to state of wards modern democracy in America. The Pilgrims drew up an important agreement called the Mayflower Compact. The agreement stated that the government would fasten just laws and equal with the consent of the colonists.In practice this meant that fully grown male Pilgrims met from time to time to elect a governor and a small group to assist him. The Puritans also hated the hierarchy system in the English church. But comparing to the Pilgrims, the Puritans were more ambitious. They thought it was destiny and Gods will that brought them to America. Religion and the idea of city upon the hill caused them to form a democratic government. City upon a hill was proposed by John Winthrop. He meant that the new colony would be an example for the rest of the world of how God meant men and women to live. The Puritans should build their city well and it would become a model which England might f ollow.Wealth also hindered the movement of democracy. First of all, the colonists in the south went to American hoping to pay back wealth and success which they found by growing tobacco and slave trade. Once they got wealth, they wanted to protect their property and to gain come along profit. The only guidance to dothis is to have a government system where it will concern about peoples self interest. As a result, a democratic government is developed where most issues were approved or discussed by the people before it was passed.Pragmatism means human taking practical actions to problems. America is a new, strange land to the colonists. The colonists had to be very flexible to cope with the wilderness. Secularism means the exclusion of religious and supernatural beliefs. These two ideas combined to develop another trace of modern democracy that is religious freedom. It was first suggested by William Penn, a Quaker. They believed all men are equal no matter what race or what reli gious belief they believed in. The Quakers thought religion does not dictate political decisions, though the moral views originating in Christianity remain. Rather then concentrating on the religious aspect, they concentrate on ameliorate their lives in this new country. The Shakers held a similar idea with the Quakers. They believed in Hands to work, heart to God. This developed the idea of you can believe in any religion or none at all, with little legal or social sanction, that is the freedom of religion.The main cause of the American War of Independence is how the British tough Americans after the Seven Years War. The Seven Years War (1756-1763) had the French on one side and Prussia backed by British gold on the other. The Seven Years War was mainly the result of trading rights. The British colonials (Americans) were pinned up against the Atlantic seaboard, with only the Hudson Bay Company in the north gainsay the French trading. The colonists were running out of land. Briti sh found the need to expand. But doing so, they would enter the Ohio Valley, controlled by France. In the end, France was defeated. Although Britain won the war, they found themselves in an unfavourable situation. The war was longer than the British had expected and was expensive. Even worse, the colonists were moving west. In order to maintain their new land in America British must enchant troops to protect it, this was another huge spending. Since Britain had defended the thirteen colonies, they thought that the colonists should pay for the troops by various taxes.Starting from 1763, Britain tried to apply its own insurance onto the American colonists. The American colonists were unpleased because the reason why there were here in America was to escape from English rule but now the British government was making decisions, disregarding the assemblies that they established earlier. A few events highlighted the colonists resentments and anger toward Britain. In 1764, the Revenue Act was introduced. It stated that colonists have to pay duty for molasses which is used to make rum. It was the first time that the colonists felt the unjust of British rule. The next year, British introduced another tax through Stamp Act. This Act made colonists to buy stamps for newspaper publisher and many other essential items. They even have to buy license for playing cards and dice. The colonists became outrageous, they believed only their assemblies can tax on them, not the capital of the United Kingdom Parliament which is few thousands miles away and they had not much power in it.The anger towards British rule was intense by Britain demolishing all duties in the Townshend Act apart from afternoon tea. The colonists regarded this as a bribe to make them end the boycott with British government so that the British can tax them. As a result, a first actual rebellion was broke out and it was known as the Boston Tea Party. Few colonists disguised themselves as Indians and threw ca rgos of tea into the harbour. This rebellion alerted the British. The British decided to make a harsher plan towards America. The Intolerable Acts were made in 1774 to gain total control over American colonists. The British block ports and only allow American assemblies to meet once a year. This is the ultimate reason for making the American wanted to go to war with Britain. The Acts caused the colonists to law of closure all trade with Britain and raise their own troops.Americans felt that Britain was taking their democracy away by simply ruling them in British way. Under British rule, Americans did not have the right to vote or to elect government. They did not have religion freedom and must follow the English church. They could not have their own trade. The colonists feelings could be expressed through the Philosophes arguments. As the famous philosophe, Voltaire said, I disagree with everything you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it, he believed that the Chu rch stood in the way of truth by telling people what to believe instead of allowing them to think for themselves. The American extended thisidea even further and thought that Britain was in the way of their democracy and that the welfare of the colony and the Empire were not always synonymous. The philosophes also emphasised on human rights and this related to how the American thought when a government does not consent the governed, it should be change.The colonists fled from the oppression back in Europe and wanted to start a new life. Their religion, rivalry and attidtues finally led them to the road to modern democracy. But Britain disregarded their rights and democracy and this is the immediate cause of the American War of Independence.

Invention Essay

Invention Essay Close your eyes and imagine yourself stand up in the middle of a huge parking lot with a handful of heavy groceries and the burbling rain splashing down onto your face. Youve been standing there for at least five minutes and you arrest been looking for your gondola car the whole time. By this time your bags be filling up with water and are twice as heavy as when you left the store, your clothes are soaked and you still feed no idea where your car is position.Standing soaked, come out in the rain with a bag full of groceries does not sound like the ideal way to spend your daytime, but now there is a solution to this problem. This solution is called The Apollo Beam. The Apollo Beam is a remote controlled high powered re of light that rear be seen from over 150 yards away. The beam of light is produced by Light-Emitting-Diodes or discover known as directs. The Apollo, for short, has a circular base which is eight adjoines in diameter and mounts on to the top of your car with a high powered suction cup feature.Centered in the middle of that base is an other(a) six inch in diameter circular dial which comes standard with leash settings. The Apollo comes in any color you want, so long as it is black, however you can choose from a wide variety of colors when it comes to the leads. An interesting feature intimately The Apollo is that the LEDs are aligned in three rows of three and conveniently placed within the dial. You can pick the color that matches your car, your favorite color, or you can tear down mix and match to create your very own rainbow of colors.This brand new invention only weighs astir(predicate) ten pounds, so it is light weight and easy to install. The Apollo is made of a high quality polypropylene which is perfect for any type defy because it is resistant towards extreme heats, extreme colds, and even wet weather so you never have to worry about it slipping off the top of your car as you drive down the highway. T he Apollo is very useful for many annoying situations. Like you visualized earlier bingle enceinte use for The Apollo is when you forget where you parked when you go to the grocery store, mall, or even to pay a quick bill.The Apollo can even be a time saver when you have those fun nights out at your favorite theme park or ball game and it is incredibly hard to examine you car in the huge parking lot, well not anymore with the Apollo on your gradient. Another great use for The Apollo is for those college students who work during the day and have to take night classes, in case they forget where they parked or if it is too dark and they are f the right wayened to qualifying all the way back alone. astonishingly enough the range for the remote on the Apollo is quite impressive, it can reach up to 100 yards and the beam of light can be seen from over 200 yards away.Now you might think well what if you push the vent on the remote and you set off every Apollo in the parking lot, but that problem has already been solved. Similar to the way garage door openers work each and every Apollo is specifically programmed to your remote only, so there is never any interference with any other electrical devices in the area. The Apollo has many bene conk outs that other inventions do not have. The car alarm and panic button have commonly been used to help find a lost car, but now with the Apollo you have a much less objectionable way of finding where you parked.Along with the silence of the Apollo, it is also light weight and easy to transfer from car to car. The near amazing benefit of the Apollo is that it is solar powered so there is no expensive equipment or otiose hassle or expense of buying batteries over and over again. With solar power there is no power sucked from your car battery and no recharge station needed to power The Apollo. Whenever The Apollo is not existence used it has solar panels that work exactly like camera lenss work on your digital cameras an d because of this the solar panels are called solar lenses.The super thin and sleek design of the solar panels fit neatly into the base of the Apollo, directly above the battery pack. So when you are not using The Apollo it closes up and the solar lenses are exposed to the sun light so that it can continuously charge itself. The energy from the sun is absorbed by the solar lenses, then transferred and stored in a battery pack locate inside the base of the Apollo. When fully charged the Apollo stores enough energy to last an entire week, and The Apollo only takes about 24 hours of direct sunlight to completely charge.The Apollo is very convenient when you have been shopping all day and come out lugging around those heavy shopping bags and you realize you have totally forgotten where you parked. thither are countless benefits to The Apollo and do to its lightweight and versatility it will make finding your car a walk in the park. No longer will you have to wait countless hours search ing for you car, thanks to The Apollo you can spot your car and start walking in the right direction before you even measuring stick foot off the curb.The Apollo is small and easy to install, you can share it with the whole family no matter what car you drive. The Apollos nine super bright LEDs give for an extremely luminous stain of colors no matter what the weather is like outside. With three settings and your choice of what colors you want, you can ad hominem your Apollo to be as colorful as you would like. Never again will you walk to the wrong side of the parking lot looking for your car, let the Apollo remember for you. Make looking for your car less of a hassle and more of a joy.With the long distance of the remote and the brightness of the Apollo your lightshow can be seen by all. allow the sun do the work for you with The Apollos special micro solar panels or better known as the unique solar lenses. The Apollo is the classic example of American ingenuity, using what is already right in front of us and improving it. Using the power of the sun to power the Apollo saves time, money, and energy for all. Let The Apollo Beam be the light that guides youto your car.

Say No to the Death Penalty

Counting the seconds and minutes to your death. Inhaling your last breath. The next thing you know, the prison doctor has just injected a lethal drug into you. How do you not feel pain, empathy or sadness? But, you know that the doctor brushes it reach as if it nothing happened. All because of something we call The Death Penalty. The death penalty affects people who are incorrectly convicted, the positive affect because there isnt a death penalty in our nightclub and tender-hearted morality.How do you feel about innocent people dying? Innocent people are wrongly convicted on a daily bases, so why put these people in jail. Those who opposed this assertion say the people who commit a abhorrence, deserve to die. Six Canadian prisoners were convicted of a dangerous crime and later released due to their innocent. The six Canadians were condemned for the first degree murder and if there were death penalty wherefore these six innocent people would have died.Another reason is that the prisoners should have the time to prove their innocence. I say this because after the trial. If new evidence is found then its precise difficult to stick another trial. Its a life of a person in your hands and nothing should be neglected. Such as David Milgaard who was sentenced to life in prison. He was the suspected killer for the murder of Gail Miller. He dog-tired 22 years in prison and was freed by DNA evidence. Once you go to prison, it makes a legal impact on your life.Have you read the human rights from the United Nations? In the third law it states every person right to life, liberty and security of person. If Canada, reinstates the death penalty thats violating the human rights. It would be a very embarrassing moment for Canada for all we stand for and worked for. We are a country that is highly respected and is cognise for fighting for our rights. We have all the right to life.Do you think the death penalty affects things in our society? First reason is that there a re fewer murders because there is not the death penalty. Since, there is no death penalty in Canada the murder rate has decreased since 1970s. In 2009, the murder rate in Canada was 1.81 homicides per 100.000 populations. If we compare the static between Brazil is a big difference. Canada was 1.81 homicides and Brazil at 25.2homicide rates. Also, Brazil has no death penalty since 1988.